• Fourth Age Total War Mod

'It is the Dominion of Men, the Age of Peace, but the roots of Evil run deep and always after a defeat and a respite the Shadow again seeks to assume some new form.The inevitable boredom of Men with that which is good, their quick satiety with peace, has already begun to make itself felt in Middle-earth and fostered another Evil, darker than the shadow that clouds the hearts of Men.The New Shadow has arisen. This is The Fourth Age: Total War!' 'The Fourth Age: Total War - The Dominion of Men' is a modification for 'Rome: Total War - Barbarian Invasion' (v1.6). Our aim with FA:TW was to accurately portray the lands and peoples of Middle-earth as we think they existed approximately three-and-a-half centuries into the Fourth Age. It is based on the works of Tolkien, and especially on his unfinished and abandoned sequel to 'The Lord of the Rings', entitled 'The New Shadow'. With an aim to staying true to the works and spirit of J.R.R.

Tolkien's world of Middle-earth, whilst also aspiring to original creative excellence, 'The Fourth Age: Total War' is a must-have for anyone who loves the setting and peoples of Tolkien's mythic world.' I've played many games and many mods of the Total War series but your work is by far the best conversion and complete overhaul I have seen yet. The campaign is very immersive and motivating.' (anumen, Moddb)'Best Tolkien experience in Total War (or any other strategy game).' (Stark1.0, Moddb)'Simply put, one of the most polished, well executed mod projects I have every played. The attention do detail in all aspects - graphics, music, lore, is almost unparalleled.'

Download The Fourth Age: Total War (RTW Version). This is FATW - TNS total conversion mod made compatible with Rome: Total War. Mod by the FATW Team. See File/Full.

1. Total War: Medieval II - MODs Broken Crescent 1.05 Broken Crescent 2.02 Stainless Steel 5.1b Stainless Steel 6.1 Deus Lo Vult 5.7 Deus Lo Vult 6.0 HTF: Eagle of the Elbe 05 The Long Road 2.0 Lands to Conquer Gold DarthMod 1.4D: The Last Episode Das Heilige Romische Reich 06 Third Age 1.3 Third Age 1.4 Third Age 2.1 Third Age 3.1.
2. The Fourth Age Development Team have released the complete, full version of The Dominion of Men, the long-awaited final instalment of the.

(Pleistorus, Moddb)'The attention to detail, faithfulness to original source material, amazing music, variety of factions, and fun replayability make this an awesome mod. Excellent work, folks!' (HighlandLaddie777, Moddb)'Simply the best RTW mod.

The level of detail and painstaking attention to the lore of Middle Earth makes this mod a must for any LOTR fan!' (Rahonbass, Moddb)'This is one of the best mods for any total war game.

It's like a completely new game.' (Balgeron, Moddb)'A great, spectacular and just plainly refined mod. Fourth Age Total War oozes polish from every pore, with a lovingly detailed story, carefully and cleverly constructed gameplay mechanics, stunning visuals and incredible immersion.All in all, I would say there are no perfect mods, but Fourth Age Total War damn well comes close.' (SuperTechmarine, Moddb). Download FATW: The Dominion of Men v3.0 Full Release here:Installation Instructions1. Unzip the 33TheEndoftheBeginning.rar file to a location of your choice.2.

Copy the data folder inside into your./bi/fatw folder.3. When prompted, choose to overwrite all existing files and folders.4. Start FATW: DoM in your usual way and enjoy!Major ChangesThe major addition in 3.3 is the host of new AoR and Levy units that are now available in various provinces across the map. The purpose of adding these units is to improve army composition and variety, as well as add some more flavour to parts of the map that were previously a bit bland. While most core unit rosters remain unchanged from 3.2, almost every faction has some new units available nearby, so early expansion in the right places will be richly rewarded.A selection of the new units now available all across Middle-earth.In addition to the new units there are also many balance changes, bug fixes, minor additions, and further polish.

Just about every aspect of the mod from the strat map to the unit stats has been further refined and balanced.For a full list of changes please see the patch notes included in the download.Other NewsIt has been a long, and somewhat convoluted road to get to this point, the final release of Fourth Age Total War: The Dominion of Men for Rome Total War. We want to express our thanks to everyone who supported the mod, from passionate fans to dedicated contributors and everyone in between, it would not have been possible without you!However, just because the mod is now finished does not mean that this is the end! The Fourth Age Total War community has already been working on several submods of various kinds, and we may be putting up some information about some of those before too long.For more information, technical support, AARs, LPs and general mod related discussion please feel free to drop by our forums at or join in the discussions on the.If you have any questions about installation or any other part of the mod then the thread should be your first stop.Finally, if you are enjoying the mod and would like to support us a quick review or rating here on moddb would be very much appreciated. And if you know other Tolkien fans, or Total War fans, who you think would enjoy the mod please do spread the word around, we want as many people to enjoy it as possible!

Highest Rated (10 agree)I must say it was simply AMAZING. First off, I am a fan of all the Lord of the Rings books, and the Silmarillion, and have always wanted to see what happened afterwards. And with this mod for Rome: Total War, you can! You can even change history and not be 'accurate', because, hey! NOTHING HAS BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE FOURTH AGE! Being able to fight and take cities without the feeling of: Oh, I am Macedon and I just took over Carthage.how historically accurate. You get the feelingJan 31 2014 by CommanderTacticus.

Location in ScotlandThe Forth Bridge is a bridge across the in the east of, 9 miles (14 kilometres) west of City Centre. It is considered as a symbol of Scotland (having been voted Scotland's greatest man-made wonder in 2016), and is a. It was designed by the English engineers. It is sometimes referred to as the Forth Rail Bridge (to distinguish it from the adjacent ), although this has never been its official name.Construction of the bridge began in 1882 and it was opened on 4 March 1890 by the, the future. The bridge spans the Forth between the villages of and and has a total length of 8,094 feet (2,467 m). When it opened it had the in the world, until 1919 when the in was completed. It continues to be the world's second-longest single cantilever span, with a span of 1,709 feet (521 m).The bridge and its associated railway infrastructure are owned.

Main article:Prior to the construction of the bridge, were used to cross the Firth. In 1806, a pair of tunnels, one for each direction, was proposed, and in 1818 produced a design for a three-span suspension bridge close to the site of the present one. Calling for approximately 2,500 tonnes (2,500 long tons; 2,800 short tons) of iron, Wilhelm Westhofen said of it 'and this quantity of iron distributed over the length would have given it a very light and slender appearance, so light indeed that on a dull day it would hardly have been visible, and after a heavy gale probably no longer to be seen on a clear day either'.For the railway age, designed for the a between and that opened in 1850, which proved so successful that another was ordered for the Tay.

In late 1863, a joint project between the and, which would merge in 1865, appointed Stephenson and Toner to design a bridge for the Forth, but the commission was given to Bouch around six months later.It had proven difficult to engineer a that was able to carry railway traffic, and, engineer to the (NBR) and, was in 1863–1864 working on a crossing the Forth near, where the river is around 2 miles (3.2 km) wide, but mostly relatively shallow. The promoters, however, were concerned about the ability to set foundations in the silty river bottom, as borings had gone as deep as 231 feet (70 m) into the mud without finding any rock, but Bouch conducted experiments to demonstrate that it was possible for the silt to support considerable weight.

Experiments in late 1864 with weighted caissons achieved a pressure of 5 t/sq ft (4.9 long ton/sq ft; 5.5 short ton/sq ft) on the silt, encouraging Bouch to continue with the design. In August 1865, Richard Hodgson, chairman of the NBR, proposed that the company invest GB£18,000 to try a different kind of foundation, as the weighted caissons had not been successful.

Bouch proposed using a large pine platform underneath the piers, 80 by 60 by 7 feet (24.4 m × 18.3 m × 2.1 m) (the original design called for a 114 by 80 by 9 feet (34.7 m × 24.4 m × 2.7 m) platform of green beech) weighed down with 10,000 tonnes (9,800 long tons; 11,000 short tons) of which would sink the wooden platform to the level of the silt. The platform was launched on 14 June 1866 after some difficulty in getting it to move down the greased planks it rested on, and then moored in the harbour for six weeks pending completion. The bridge project was aborted just before the platform was sunk as the NBR expected to lose 'through traffic' following the amalgamation of the and the.

In September 1866, a committee of shareholders investigating rumours of financial difficulties found that accounts had been falsified, and the chairman and the entire board had resigned by November. By mid-1867 the NBR was nearly bankrupt, and all work on the Forth and Tay bridges was stopped. Bouch's proposed bridge (top) along with other proposals on the same principleThe North British Railway took over the ferry at Queensferry in 1867, and completed a rail link from in 1868, establishing a contiguous link with Fife. Interest in bridging the Forth increased again, and Bouch proposed a stiffened steel suspension bridge on roughly the line of the present rail bridge in 1871, and after careful verification, work started in 1878 on a pier at.After the in 1879, confidence in Bouch dried up and the work stopped. The public inquiry into the disaster, chaired by, found the Tay Bridge to be 'badly designed, badly constructed and badly maintained', with Bouch being 'mainly to blame' for the defects in construction and maintenance and 'entirely responsible' for the defects in design.After the disaster, which occurred in high winds for which Bouch had not properly accounted, the imposed a lateral wind allowance of 56 lb/sq ft (270 kg/m 2). Bouch's 1871 design had taken a much lower figure of 10 lb/sq ft (49 kg/m 2) on the advice of the, although contemporary analysis showed it would probably have stood, but the engineers making the analysis stated that 'we do not commit ourselves to an opinion that it is the best possible' design. Bouch's design was formally abandoned on 13 January 1881, and, and T.

Harrison, consulting engineers to the project, were invited to give proposals for a bridge. The original (above) and final (below) designs of the Forth Bridge Dimensions The bridge spans the Forth between the villages of and and has a total length of 8,094 feet (2,467 m).

The Forth Bridge is 8,094 feet (2,467.05 m) in length, and the double track is elevated 150 feet (45.72 m) above the water level at high tide. It consists of two main spans of 1,700 feet (518.16 m), two side spans of 680 ft (207.3 m), and 15 approach spans of 168 ft (51.2 m). Each main span consists of two 680 ft (207.3 m) arms supporting a central 350 feet (106.7 m) span truss.

The weight of the bridge superstructure was 50,513 long tons (51,324 t), including the 6.5 million used. The bridge also used 640,000 cubic feet (18,122 m 3) of.The three great four-tower cantilever structures are 361 feet (110.03 m) tall, each tower resting on a separate pier. These were constructed using 70 ft (21 m) diameter; those for the north cantilever and two on the small uninhabited island of acted as, while the remaining two on Inchgarvie and those for the south cantilever, where the river bed was 91 ft (28 m) below high-water level, used compressed air to keep water out of the working chamber at the base.

Illustration of the cantilever principleThe bridge is built on the principle of the, where a beam supports a light central girder, a principle that has been used for thousands of years in the construction of bridges. In order to illustrate the use of tension and compression in the bridge, a demonstration in 1887 had the Japanese engineer supported between Fowler and Baker sitting in chairs. Fowler and Baker represent the cantilevers, with their arms in tension and the sticks under compression, and the bricks the cantilever end piers which are weighted with cast iron. Materials The bridge was the first major structure in Britain to be constructed of steel; its French contemporary, the, was built of.Large amounts of steel became available after the invention of the, patented in 1856. In 1859, the Board of Trade imposed a limit of 77.55 N/mm 2 (11,248 psi) for the maximum design stress in railway bridges; this was revised as technology progressed.The original design required 42,000 tonnes (41,000 long tons; 46,000 short tons) for the cantilevers only, of which 12,000 tonnes (12,000 long tons; 13,000 short tons) was to come from Siemens' steel works in, and the remainder from the Steel Company of Scotland's works near Glasgow. When modifications to the design necessitated a further 16,000 tonnes (16,000 long tons; 18,000 short tons), about half of this was supplied by the Steel Company of Scotland Ltd. And half by Dalzell's Iron and Steel Works in Motherwell.

About 4,200 tonnes (4,100 long tons; 4,600 short tons) of rivets came from the Clyde Rivet Company of Glasgow. Around three or four thousand tons of steel was scrapped, some of which was used for temporary purposes, resulting in the discrepancy between the quantity delivered and the quantity erected. Approaches. The southern approach to the Forth Bridge, designed byAfter, the track curves very slightly to the east before coming to the southern approach viaduct. After the railway crosses the bridge, it passes through, before curving to the west, and then back to the east over the.The approaches were built under separate contract and were to the design of the engineer. The supports of the approach viaducts are to prevent the impression of the columns widening as they approach the top, and an evaluation of the aesthetics of the Bridge in 2007, by A D Magee of the, identified that order was present throughout, and this included in the approach viaducts.

Magee points out that the masonry was carefully planned, and has neat block work even in areas not immediately visible from the ground.: 6 Construction. The bridge under construction, viewed from South QueensferryWikimedia Commons has media related to.The Bill for the construction of the bridge was passed on 19 May 1882 after an eight-day enquiry, the only objections being from rival railway companies. On 21 December of that year, the contract was let to Sir Thomas Tancred, Mr.

Falkiner and Mr. Joseph Philips, civil engineers and contractor,. Arrol was a, who had been apprenticed to a blacksmith at the age of thirteen before going on to have a highly successful business. Tancred was a professional engineer who had worked with Arrol before, but he would leave the partnership during the course of construction. The steel was produced by Frederick and William Siemens (England) and Pierre and Emile Martin (France). Following advances in furnace design by the Siemens brothers and improvements by the Martin brothers, the process of manufacture enabled high quality steel to be produced very quickly. Preparations.

The bridge under constructionOffices and stores erected by Arrol in connection with Bouch's bridge were taken possession of for the new works, and would be expanded considerably over time. An accurate survey was taken by Mr. Reginald Middleton, to establish the exact position of the bridge and allow the permanent construction work to commence.The old coastguard station at the Fife end had to be removed to make way for the north-east pier. The rocky shore was levelled to a height of 7 feet (2.1 m) above high water to make way for plant and materials, and huts and other facilities for workmen were set up further inland.The preparations at South Queensferry were of a much more substantial character, and required the steep hillside to be terraced. Wooden huts and shops for the workmen were put up, as well as more substantial brick houses for the foremen and tenements for leading hands and gangers.

Drill roads and workshops were built, as well as a 200 by 60 feet (61 by 18 m) to allow full size drawings and templates to be laid out. A cable was also laid across the Forth to allow telephone communication between the centres at South Queensferry, Inchgarvie, and North Queensferry, and girders from the collapsed were laid across the railway to the west in order to allow access to the ground there.

Near the shore a and cement store were erected, and a substantial jetty around 2,100 feet (640 m) long was started early in 1883, and extended as necessary, and were built to bring railway vehicles among the shops, and cranes set up to allow the loading and movement of material delivered by rail.In April 1883, construction of a landing stage at commenced. Extant buildings, including fortifications built in the 15th century, were roofed over to increase the available space, and the rock at the west of the island was cut down to a level 7 feet (2.1 m) above high water, and a seawall was built to protect against large waves. In 1884 a order was obtained for the island, as it was found that previously available area enclosed by the four piers of the bridge was insufficient for the storage of materials. Iron staging reinforced wood in heavily used areas was put up over the island, eventually covering around 10,000 square yards (8,400 m 2) and using over 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons; 1,100 short tons) of iron.

Movement of materials The bridge uses 55,000 tonnes (54,000 long tons; 61,000 short tons) of and 140,000 cubic yards (110,000 m 3) of masonry. Many materials, including from, rubble, sand, timber, and sometimes coke and coal, could be taken straight to the centre where they were required. Steel was delivered by train and prepared at the yard at before being painted with boiled before being taken to where it was needed by barge. The cement used was manufactured on the. It required to be stored before it was able to be used, and up to 1,200 tonnes (1,200 long tons; 1,300 short tons) of could be kept in a barge, formerly called the that was moored off South Queensferry.For a time a paddle steamer was hired for the movement of workers, but after a time it was replaced with one capable of carrying 450 men, and the barges were also used for people carrying. Special trains were run from Edinburgh and Dunfermline, and a steamer ran to in the summer.

Circular piers. A completed caisson on Inchgarvie with the granite pierThe three towers of the cantilever are each seated on four circular piers. Since the foundations were required to be constructed at or below sea level, they were excavated with the assistance of. Caissons were used at locations that were either always under water, even at, or where the foundations were to be built on. Cofferdams were used where rock was nearer to the surface, and it was possible to work in low tide.Six caissons were excavated by the pneumatic process, by the French contractor L. This process used a positive air pressure inside a sealed caisson to allow dry working conditions at depths of up to 89 feet (27 m).These caissons were constructed and assembled in Glasgow by the Arrol Brothers, namesakes of but unconnected to W. Arrol, before being dismantled and transported to South Queensferry.

The caissons were then built up to a large extent before being floated to their final resting-places. The first caisson, for the south-west pier at South Queensferry was launched on 26 May 1884, and the last caisson was launched on 29 May 1885 for the south-west pier at Inchgarvie. When the caissons had been launched and moored, they were extended upwards with a temporary portion in order to keep water out and allow the granite pier to be built when in place.Above the foundations each of which is different to suit the different sites, is a tapered circular granite pier with a diameter of 55 feet (17 m) at the bottom and a height of 36 feet (11 m). Inchgarvie The rock on which the two northern piers at Inchgarvie are located is submerged at high water, and of the other two piers, the site of eastern one is about half submerged and the western one three-quarters submerged. This meant work initially had to be done at low tide.The southern piers on Inchgarvie are sited on solid rock with a slope of around 1 in 5, so the rock was prepared with concrete and sandbags to make a landing-spot for the caissons.

Excavation was carried out by, but no blasting was done within 1.5 ft (0.46 m) of the caissons, and the remaining rock was quarried to within 6 in (150 mm). North Queensferry Once the positions of the piers had been established, the first task at the Fife end was to level the site of the northernmost piers, a bedrock of whinstone rising to a level of 10 to 20 feet (3.0 to 6.1 m) above high water, to a height of 7 feet (2.1 m) above high water. The south piers at North Queensferry are sited on rock sloping into the sea, and the site was prepared by holes for explosive charges and blasting the rock. South Queensferry. The mode of sinking the South Queensferry caissonsThe four South Queensferry caissons were all sunk by the pneumatic method, and are identical in design except for differences in height.

A T shaped jetty was built at the site of the South Queensferry piers, to allow one caisson to be attached to each corner, and when launched the caissons were attached to the jetty and permitted to rise and fall with the tide. Excavation beneath the caissons was generally only carried out at high tide when the caisson was supported by buoyancy, and then when the tide fell the air pressure was reduced in order to allow the caisson to sink down, and digging would begin anew.The north-west caisson was towed into place in December 1884, but an exceptionally low tide on New Year's Day 1885 caused the caisson to sink into the mud of the river bed and adopt a slight tilt. When the tide rose, it flooded over the lower edge, filling the caisson with water, and when the tide fell but the water did not drain from the caisson, its top-heaviness caused to tilt further. Plates were bolted on by divers to raise the edge of the caisson above water level, and the caisson was reinforced with wooden struts as water was pumped out, but pumping took place too quickly and the water pressure tore a hole between 25 and 30 feet (7.6 and 9.1 m) long. It was decided to construct a 'barrel' of large timbers inside the caisson to reinforce it, and it was ten months before the caisson could be pumped out and dug free.

The caisson was refloated on 19 October 1885, and then moved into position and sunk with suitable modifications. Approach viaducts The approach viaducts to the north and south had to be carried at 130 feet 6 inches (39.78 m) above the level of high water, and it was decided to build them at a lower level and then raise them in tandem with the construction of the masonry piers. The two viaducts have fifteen spans between them, each one 168 feet (51 m) long and weighing slightly over 200 tonnes (200 long tons; 220 short tons). Two spans are attached together to make a continuous, with an between each pair of spans.

Due to the slope of the hill under the viaducts, the girders were assembled at different heights, and only joined when they had reached the same level. Lifting was done using large, and took place in increments of around 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) every four days.

Building the cantilevers The tubular members were constructed in the No. 2 workshop further up the hill at South Queensferry. To bend plates into the required shape, they were first heated in a gas furnace, and then pressed into the correct curve.

The curved plates were then assembled on a, and holes drilled for rivets, before they were marked individually and moved to the correct location to be added to the structure. Lattice members and other parts were also assembled at South Queensferry, using cranes and highly efficient hydraulic rivetters. Opening The bridge was completed in December 1889, and load testing of the completed bridge was carried out on 21 January 1890. Two trains, each consisting of three heavy locomotives and 50 wagons loaded with coal, totalling 1,880 tons in weight, were driven slowly from South Queensferry to the middle of the north cantilever, stopping frequently to measure the deflection of the bridge. This represented more than twice the design load of the bridge: the deflection under load was as expected. A few days previously there had been a violent storm, producing the highest wind pressure recorded to date at Inchgarvie, and the deflection of the cantilevers had been less than 25 mm (1 in).

The first complete crossing took place on 24 February, when a train consisting of two carriages carrying the chairmen of the various railway companies involved made several crossings. The bridge was opened on 4 March 1890 by the Prince of Wales, later King, who drove home the last rivet, which was gold plated and suitably inscribed. The key for the official opening was made by Edinburgh silversmith John Finlayson Bain, commemorated in a plaque on the bridge.

When it opened it had the in the world, until 1919 when the in was completed. It continues to be the world's second-longest single cantilever span, with a span of 1,709 feet (521 m). Main article:To make the fullest use of the bridge, were built, bringing main line routes to the bridge. The construction of some of these lines was only completed on 2 June 1890, delaying the implementation of a full express train service over the bridge until that date. Even then, there was considerable congestion at Edinburgh Waverley station with remarshalling of the portions of the new, more intensive train service. Accidents and deaths At its peak, approximately 4,600 workers were employed in the bridge's construction.

Wilhelm Westhofen recorded in 1890 that 57 lives were lost. In 2005 the Forth Bridge Memorial Committee was set up to erect a monument to those lost, and a team of local historians set out to name all those who died. As of 2009, 73 deaths have been connected with the construction of the bridge and its immediate aftermath. It is thought that the figure of 57 deaths excluded those who died working on the approaches to the bridge, as those parts were completed by a subcontractor, as well as those who died after the Sick and Accident Club stopped. Of the 73 recorded deaths, 38 were as a result of falling, 9 of being crushed, 9 drowned, 8 struck by a falling object, 3 died in a fire in a bothy, 1 of, and the cause of five deaths is unknown.The Sick and Accident Club was founded in the summer of 1883, and membership was compulsory for all contractors' employees.

It would provide medical treatment to men and sometimes their families, and pay them if they were unable to work. The Club also paid for funerals within certain limits, and would provide grants to the widows of men killed or the wives of those permanently disabled. Eight men were saved from drowning by rowing boats positioned in the river under the working areas. Later history Race to the North Before the opening of the Forth Bridge, the railway journey from London to had taken about 13 hours running from and using the and on a.

With competition opened up along the from the, and railways and starting from, unofficial racing took place between the two consortia, reducing the journey time to about 8½ hours on the overnight runs. This reached a climax in 1895 with sensational daily press reports about the '. When race fever subsided the journey times became around 10½ hours.

World wars. A German photograph allegedly taken during the raidIn the British sailors would time their departures or returns to the base at by asking when they would pass under the bridge. The first German air attack on Britain in the took place over the Forth Bridge, six weeks into the war, on 16 October 1939. Although known as the 'Forth Bridge Raid', the bridge was not the target and not damaged. In all, 12 German bombers led by two reconnaissance from Westerland on the island of, 460 miles (400 nmi; 740 km) away, reached the Scottish coast in four waves of three. The target of the attack was shipping from the in the Forth, close to the bridge.

The Germans were hoping to find, the largest in the Royal Navy. Rules of engagement restricted action to targets on water and not in the dockyard. Although was in Rosyth, the attack was concentrated on the cruisers and, the carrier and the destroyer. The destroyer Mohawk and the cruisers, Southampton and Edinburgh were damaged. Sixteen Royal Navy crew died and 44 were wounded, although this information was not made public at the time.from RAF intercepted the raiders and during the attack shot down the first German aircraft downed over Britain in the war. One bomber came down in the water off on the East Lothian coast and another off on the coast of Fife. After the War it was learned that a third bomber had come down in the Netherlands as a result of damage inflicted during the raid.

Later in the month, a reconnaissance Heinkel 111 crashed near in and photographs of this crashed plane were, and still are, used erroneously to illustrate the raid of 16 October, thus sowing confusion as to whether a third aircraft had been brought down. Members of the bomber crew at Port Seton were rescued and made prisoners-of-war.

Two bodies were recovered from the Crail wreckage and after a full military funeral with firing party, were interred in cemetery, Edinburgh. The body of the gunner was never found. A wartime propaganda film, Squadron 992, made by the after the raid, recreated it and conveyed the false impression that the main target was the bridge.

Ownership. A 1913 Junction Diagram showing the Forth Bridge Railway (red) and neighbouring lines of the (blue)Before the opening of the bridge, the (NBR) had lines on both sides of the Firth of Forth between which trains could not pass except by running at least as far west as and using the lines of a rival company. The only alternative route between Edinburgh and Fife involved the ferry at Queensferry, which was purchased by the NBR in 1867. Accordingly, the NBR sponsored the Forth Bridge project which would give them a direct link independent of the. A conference at York in 1881 set up the Forth Bridge Railway Committee, to which the NBR contributed 35% of the cost. The remaining money came from three English railways, which ran trains from London over NBR tracks. The, which connected to the NBR at and which owned the route to, contributed 30% and the remainder came equally from the and the, which between them owned the route between and, via.

This body undertook to construct and maintain the bridge.In 1882 the NBR were given powers to purchase the bridge, which it never exercised. At the time of the, the bridge was still jointly owned by the same four railways, and so it became jointly owned by these companies' successors, the (30%) and the (70%). The Forth Bridge Railway Company was named in the as one of the bodies to be nationalised and so became part of on 1 January 1948. Under the Act, Forth Bridge shareholders would receive £109 of British Transport stock for each £100 of Forth Bridge Debenture stock; and £104-17-6d (£104.87½) of British Transport stock for each £100 of Forth Bridge Ordinary stock.As of April 2017, the bridge and its associated railway infrastructure are owned. Operation. Inside the Forth Bridge as seen from a Traffic The bridge has a speed limit of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) for high-speed trains and, 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) for ordinary passenger trains and 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) for freight trains.

Fourth Age Total War Mod

The code is RA8, but freight trains above a certain size must not pass each other on the bridge.Up to 190–200 trains per day crossed the bridge in 2006. Maintenance 'Painting the Forth Bridge' is a colloquial expression for a never-ending task, coined on the erroneous belief that at one time in the history of the bridge repainting was required and commenced immediately upon completion of the previous repaint. Such a practice never existed, as weathered areas were given more attention, but there was a permanent maintenance crew. In 2011, the bridge was covered in a new coating designed to last for 25 years, bringing an end to having painters as a regular part of the maintenance crew. Colin Hardie, of, was reported as saying,For the first time in the bridge's history there will be no painters required on the bridge. — Colin Hardie, BBC News article, 5 September 2011 Restoration Floodlighting was installed in 1991, and the track was renewed between 1992 and 1995.

The bridge was costing £1 million a year to maintain, and they announced that the schedule of painting would be interrupted to save money, and the following year, upon privatisation, took over. A £40 million package of works commenced in 1998, and in 2002 the responsibility of the bridge was passed to.Work started in 2002 to repaint the bridge fully for the first time in its history, in a £130 million contract awarded to. Up to 4,000 tonnes (3,900 long tons; 4,400 short tons) of scaffolding was on the bridge at any time, and computer modelling was used to analyse the additional wind load on the structure. The bridge was encapsulated in a climate controlled membrane to give the proper conditions for the application of the paint.

All previous layers of paint were removed using fired at up to 200 miles per hour (320 km/h), exposing the steel and allowing repairs to be made. The paint, developed specifically for the bridge by, consisted of a system of three coats derived from that used in the North Sea oil industry. 240,000 litres (53,000 imp gal; 63,000 US gal) of paint was applied to 255,000 square metres (2,740,000 sq ft) of the structure, and it is not expected to need repainting for at least 20 years. The top coat can be reapplied indefinitely, minimising future maintenance work.In the media The Forth Bridge has been featured in and films, including, 's 1935 film, and its. Used the bridge in posters advertising its soft drink, with the slogan: 'Made in Scotland, from '. In 2005, the lit the Bridge in red for. Also in 2005, documentary showed, a French, crawling along one of the highest points of the bridge without a harness.

The first episode of the UK television series Britain's Greatest Bridges featured the Forth Bridge and was aired on on 12 January 2017. In general culture The location of the Forth Bridge has seen it featured in other cultural forms. In the build up to the a countdown clock sponsored by the was attached to the top of the Bridge in 1998. Wrote the novel, which is mainly set on a fictionalised version of the bridge, which links 'The City' (Edinburgh) and 'The Kingdom'. In 's most famous paper about, one of the challenges put to the subject of an imagined is 'Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge.' The test subject in Turing's paper answers, 'Count me out on this one.

I never could write poetry.' The bridge is included in the video game by Edinburgh-based developer. Renamed the Kincaid Bridge, it serves as the main railway bridge of the fictional city of, and appears alongside a virtual Forth Road Bridge. Used a figure of a skeleton when comparing it to the structural form of the Forth Bridge.In his 1917 book, the mathematical biologist compares the structural form of the Forth Bridge with the cantilevered of an, the piers corresponding to legs, the cantilevers to the:In a typical cantilever bridge, such as the Forth Bridge, a certain simplification is introduced. For each pier carries, in this case, its own double-armed cantilever, linked by a short connecting girder to the next, but so jointed to it that no weight is transmitted from one cantilever to another.

The bridge in short is cut into separate sections, practically independent of one another. In the horse or the ox, it is obvious that the two piers of the bridge, that is to say the fore-legs and the hind-legs, do not bear (as they do in the Forth Bridge) separate and independent loads, but the whole system forms a continuous structure. As heritage Network Rail plans to add a visitor centre to the bridge, which would include a viewing platform on top of the North Queensferry side, or a bridge climbing experience to the South Queensferry side. In December 2014 it was announced Arup had been awarded the design contract for the project.UNESCO inscribed the bridge as a on 5 July 2015, recognising it as 'an extraordinary and impressive milestone in bridge design and construction during the period when railways came to dominate long-distance land travel'.

It is the sixth World Heritage Site to be inscribed in Scotland. In 2016, a survey voted the Forth Bridge 'Scotland's greatest man-made wonder', beating off competition from, the, the, and.The Forth Bridge has appeared in representation on a 2004, issued by the.

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The Bridge has also featured on various including the 2007 series issued by the, which depicts different bridges in Scotland as examples of Scottish engineering, and the £20 note features the Forth Bridge. In 2014 announced the introduction of Britain's second, a £5 note featuring and the Forth Bridge (the first polymer banknote was ). It was introduced in 2015 to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the opening of the bridge, and its nomination to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

See also. (featured on design)References Citations. Network Rail. Retrieved 3 July 2015. Forth Bridges Forum.

Retrieved 26 March 2017. Opened in 1890, The Forth Bridge is recognised the world over as the most famous of cantilever designs., p. 58., p. 2., p. 1., pp. 58–59. ^, p. 62., pp. 24–27. ^, p. 29., pp. 73–74., p. 77., p. 78., p. 81. ^, p. 32., p. 7., p. 41., pp. 44–45., pp. 47–49. Forth Bridges Forum.

Retrieved 26 March 2017. The momentum for a crossing had grown and a new design, by John Fowler and Benjamin Baker, was submitted to the Forth Bridge Company in May 1881, with construction authorised by Parliament in July 1882. ^ ' 23 December 2012 at the '. Forth Bridges Visitors Centre Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2006. ^.

The Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 21 April 2006. ^ 'Description and History of the Bridge'.

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P. 13., p. 4. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 26 December 2014., p. 6., p. 16. Hanser, David A. P. 66. Wagner, Donald (2008).

Cambridge University Press. P. 361.

D'Ayala, Dina; Fodde, Enrico. Retrieved 30 April 2017., pp. 36–37. ^, p. 37. ^ (18 September 2014). Retrieved 18 September 2014. Dictionary of Scottish Architects.

Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ Magee, A D (27 April 2007). University of Bath. Retrieved 30 April 2017., p. 67., pp. 67–68., pp. 68–70., p. 70. Railway Technology. Retrieved 3 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.

Retrieved 30 April 2017., p. 12., pp. 12–13. Retrieved 19 September 2014. ^, p. 13.

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^, p. 33. ^, p. 38., p. 39. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage (2015). Retrieved 26 March 2017. This railway bridge, crossing the Forth estuary in Scotland, had the world's longest spans (541 m) when it opened in 1890. It remains one of the greatest cantilever trussed bridges and continues to carry passengers and freight.

Travel + Leisure. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Finally, in December 1919, the 94-foot-wide, 1,800-foot-long central span was jacked 150 feet into place, and it has remained the record-holder ever since. Forth Bridges Forum.

Retrieved 26 March 2017. The two main spans of 521m were for 28 years the longest and second longest bridge spans in the world.

Aberdeen Weekly Journal, 4 June 1890., p. 82. ^, p. 86., p. 90.

^, p. 136., pp. 64,66. King-Hall, Stephen. Retrieved 3 April 2017. W. Simpson, Spitfires Over Scotland, G C Books Ltd., 2010, p.

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Thomas, John; Turnock, David (1989).; Patmore, J. Allan (eds.). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume XV — North of Scotland. Newton Abbot:. P. 71. Conolly, W. Philip (January 1976).

British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer (5th ed.). EX/0176.

Whitehouse, Patrick; (1989). LNER 150: The London and North Eastern Railway – A Century and a Half of Progress. Newton Abbot:. 01LN01. Hughes, Geoffrey (1987) 1986. London: Guild Publishing/Book Club Associates.

CN 1455. His Majesty's Government (6 August 1947). 'Third Schedule'. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. Retrieved 1 July 2011., fourth schedule, p. 148.

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Network Rail. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Network Rail Scotland looks after Scotland's railway infrastructure, including the world-famous Forth Bridge that connects passengers in Fife, north of Edinburgh, with Edinburgh and the Borders., p. 11., p. 91. Transport Scotland. Retrieved 20 July 2014. ' 22 February 2008 at the '.

Forth Bridges Visitors Centre Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2010.

^, p. 15. 5 September 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2017. The Forth Rail Bridge will be free of scaffolding and painters from 9 December. Chu, Henry (26 January 2012). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 August 2015., p. 16.

^. The Scotsman. 22 November 2011., p. 18. ^, p. 19. McKenna, John (19 February 2008). New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 16 January 2010., p. 20.

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Retrieved 18 January 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2014. Forth Bridges Forum. Retrieved 29 April 2017. MacGillivray, Alan (30 September 2013). The Association for Scottish Literary Studies.

Archived from on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014. (October 1950), 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence', LIX (236): 433–460,:,. Retrieved 18 January 2014. ^ (1961) 1917. On Growth and Form (Abridged ed.).

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22 May 2014.Bibliography. Blanc, Alan; McEvoy, Michael; Plank, Roger (2003). Taylor & Francis. Glen, Ann; Bowman, Craig; Andrew, John (2012).

Lily Publications. Harding, J. E.; Gerard, Parke; Ryall, M (2006). CRC Press. (2006).

Granta Books. Nock, Oswald S. The Railway Race to the North.

Ian Allan. Paxton, Roland (1990). Thomas Telford. Summerhayes, Stuart (2010). John Wiley & Sons. Westhofen, Wilhem (1890). Offices of 'Engineering'.

Wills, Elspeth M. Birlinn.Further reading.

Kelly, Peter (April 1983). 'A mountain of scrap for Serpell?' EMAP National Publications. Pp. 34–39. MacKay, Sheila (2011). Birlinn. Winchester, Clarence, ed.

Pp. 432–441.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. of the construction of the Forth Bridge taken in 1886–1887 by Philip Phillips at.

at Forth Bridges Visitor Centre Trust. at. (Firth of Forth): The Construction of the Forth Bridge, 1882–1890, by Colin Donati.